Nonparametric Estimation via Local Estimating Equations, with Applications to Nutrition Calibration

Estimating equations have found wide popularity recently in parametric problems, yielding consistent estimators with asymptotically valid inferences obtained via the sandwich formula. Motivated by a problem in nutritional epidemiology, we use estimating equations to derive nonparametric estimators of a \parameter" depending on a predictor. The nonparametric component is estimated via local polynomials with loess or kernel weighting; asymptotic theory is derived for the latter. In keeping with the estimating equation paradigm, variances of the non-parametric function estimate are estimated using the sandwich method, in an automatic fashion, without the need typical in the literature to derive asymptotic formulae and plug-in an estimate of a density function. The same philosophy is used in estimating the bias of the nonparametric function, i.e., we use an empirical method without deriving asymptotic theory on a case-by-case basis. The methods are applied to a series of examples. The application to nutrition is called \nonparametric calibration" after the term used for studies in that eld. Other applications include local polynomial regression for generalized linear models, robust local regression, and local transformations in a latent variable model. Extensions to partially parametric models are discussed. National Cancer Institute concerning nutritional epidemiology; their suggestions are gratefully acknowledged. We also wish to acknowledge with thanks Donna Spiegelman and Walter Willett for making the Nurses' Health Trial calibration study data available to us.